The Design of Frame Structures

29 Apr.,2024

 

The Design of Frame Structures

From your investigations into structures, you will have noticed a similarity between the structures, as well as obvious differences. One of the similarities you should have noticed is the obvious triangular pattern within the frame.

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Making Structures Rigid

If you were on a moving train or boat, how would you stand to keep your balance? If you stood with your legs apart, you'd be turning yourself into a human triangle. Triangles are stable and strong. That is why builders and architects use them for lightweight bridges and towers.

Try this. Join four strips of cardboard together at the corners with a butterfly clip.Push on one of the corners. When forces are applied to the simple four-sided structure as shown here, it can be forced out of shape. Now add an extra bar (which is called a member when you are working with structures). Again, push on one of the corners. What do you notice? The structure can no longer be forced out of shape, and is said to be rigid. Notice that the additional member has formed triangles in the structure. The effect is known as triangulation. The triangle is the most rigid frame structure. Engineers have known for a long time that whenever they need a light, strong, rigid structure they cannot do better than use a framework of triangles.

A frame structure can also be made rigid by the use of gusset plates.

Look around you. Find examples of triangles that make things strong. You probably didn't think of the hidden triangle in a slice of green pepper. Since the green pepper is almost hollow inside, it's much lighter than a solid fruit of the same size, such as an orange. The green pepper keeps its firm, rounded shape because of its inner triangular ribs.

How about a shelf support, an ironing board, a window fastening holding a window open, a bicycle frame, a deck chair, a music stand, a gate or the timbers in the roof? Communications and electricity towers are excellent examples of triangular structures as is the Eiffel Tower. Before he designed the Eiffel Tower for the Paris exhibition of 1889, Gustave Eiffel had already built many iron viaducts and bridges and had learned a lot about using triangulated structures to resist the blows of wind and water. Nevertheless, for his tower, he didn't leave anything to change. Before starting the building, he made over 5000 drawings of all parts of the tower, drawings that called for 15 000 structural members and 2 500 000 rivet holes. A modern use of the triangle is seen in the geodesic domes invented by Buckminster Fuller for covering sports arenas, or on a smaller scale as greenhouses and climbing frames. Microlight planes and the undercarriage of the lunar space module use the rigidity of the triangular structure.

Assignment:

Paper Bridge

Take a piece of paper and hold it at the corners along one edge. See how it droops--it can't support its own weight. You need to make it stronger. You could glue some cardboard stiffeners along its length, but not for this experiment you can't. You can only use one piece of loose leaf paper.

You need to make the strongest bridge you can using:

  • one piece of loose leaf paper for the bridge span
  • the edges of two tables to support the bridge span
  • weights (such as books) to test the strength of your bridge span

Procedure:

  1. Determine what you need to do to your paper to make it stronger. You might want to look at corrugated cardboard for a suggestion on how to make paper stronger.
  2. Support the end of the paper on two tables to make a bridge structure.
  3. Test the strength of your bridge by putting weights on it. Keep track of the amount of weight you are putting on each time. A chart would be useful here. Keep adding weights (books, etc.) until the bridge breaks.

Write up your experiment using proper lab write-up procedure and hand it in. It will become part of your design portfolio.

WHAT IS AN A-FRAME STRUCTURE?

Watch Real A-Frame Structure in Kerala - https://youtu.be/9EXWImnNuPs

Introduction to A-Frame Structures

An A-frame structure is a type of architectural design characterized by its distinctive triangular shape, resembling the letter "A." A-frames are typically constructed with a steeply pitched roofline that extends all the way to the foundation, creating a triangular shape that provides structural support and stability. The walls of an A-frame structure are often made of wood or other lightweight materials, and the interior space is usually open-plan, with high ceilings and a loft space for additional living or storage areas.


Historical Context: The Mid-20th Century Boom

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A-frames became popular in the mid-20th century as a rustic and affordable housing option, particularly for vacation homes in wooded or mountainous areas. They were often used as ski chalets or beach cottages, and their simple, geometric design allowed for easy construction and maintenance.


Contemporary Resurgence: Minimalist and Eco-Friendly Designs

Today, A-frames have experienced a resurgence in popularity as a minimalist and eco-friendly housing option, with many architects and designers putting a contemporary spin on the classic design. A-frames can be adapted to a range of styles and uses, from small cabins and weekend retreats to full-time residences and even commercial buildings.


Advantages of A-Frame Structures: Durability and Natural Light

One of the advantages of A-frame structures is their durability and strength, thanks to the triangular shape and steeply pitched roofline. This design also allows for natural light and ventilation, making A-frames a popular choice for energy-efficient and sustainable homes.


Versatility of A-Frame Design: Adapting to Different Styles and Uses

Whether you are looking for a cozy cabin in the woods or a modern, minimalist home, an A-frame structure offers a unique and versatile design that can be tailored to your individual needs and style preferences.


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