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Types of plastic water pipes are classified by their material. PEX stands for cross-linked polyethylene, PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and LLDPE stands for linear low-density polyethylene. Choosing the right tubing material depends on its chemical compatibility, temperature rating, and pressure of the fluid from your application. John Woodard, our Master Water Specialist, discusses features of common types of plastic water pipes and tubing and where to use them.
Types of Plastic Water Pipes
PEX Tubing
PEX tubing is made of cross-linked polyethylene for extra strength and is suited for hot or cold drinking water. PEX tubing typically comes in larger diameters, from 1/2" to 1 1/2". The size is based on the inner diameter (ID) of the tubing, also called nominal or CTS (copper tube size).
Where to use PEX tubing: Many builders use PEX tubing for household plumbing. The entire distribution system, from the service line in the street to the faucet in your bathroom, is constructed with PEX pipe.
PEX is manufactured without an oxygen barrier and may be used in radiant heat applications where there are no ferrous (metal/iron) components.
Here's how to cut a PEX pipe.
PEX is primarily used in 1/2" or larger. It can be installed with crimp fittings or quick-connect fittings.
Inner Diameter (ID)
Outside Diameter (OD)
Bend Radius
1/8" 1/4" 1-1/2" 1/4" 3/8" 3" 3/8" 1/2" 4"
1/2" 5/8" 5"
3/4" 7/8" 7"
1" 1-1/8" 10"
PEX pipe temperature information
PEX's strength at temperatures ranging from below freezing up to 180 degrees Fahrenheit makes it an ideal tubing material for hot and cold water plumbing systems, hydronic radiant heating systems, snow melting applications, and even ice rinks and refrigeration warehouses. PEX is highly resistant to chemicals found in the plumbing environment.
Note: PEX is designed for indoor and buried applications only. PEX tubing should not be exposed to direct sunlight for an extended period of time.
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Tubing
Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) tubing is perfect for potable water, food and beverage, and pneumatic compressed air applications.
Polyethylene tubing offers excellent pressure and temperature ratings and has outstanding resistance to environmental stress cracking. LLDPE or linear low-density polyethylene is the most common type of plastic water pipe. LLDPE is more robust than traditional low or medium density polyethylene and is recommended for use with cold and intermittent hot water.
Where to use polyethylene tubing: This tubing connects water filters, countertop faucets, ice machines, and under-sink water filters. A polyethylene pipe is sturdy but flexes a little to protect it from bumps under the counter. The tubing is manufactured with FDA approved materials and is NSF Standard 51 and 61 certified.
LLDPE tubing is designed for use with all standard fittings and point-of-use drinking water systems. It's made from non-contaminating materials and provides the benefits of a wide range of temperature and pressure suitability and broad chemical compatibility. LLDPE is commonly used in water purification, water conditioners, ice makers, and misting systems.
Inner Diameter (ID)
Outside Diameter (OD)
Working Pressure & Temperature
0.170" 1/4" 230 psi @ 70º F (15 bar @ 20ºC) 0.187" 5/16" 230 psi @ 70º F (15 bar @ 20ºC) 1/4" 3/8" 230 psi @ 70º F (15 bar @ 20ºC) 3/8" 1/2" 150 psi @ 70º F (10 bar @ 20ºC)Santoprene Tubing
Santoprene tubing, also known as thermoplastic rubber tubing, offers good mechanical properties under a wide range of operating temperatures. Santoprene works well with hot water applications. If you're looking to buy a hot water tank to go under your sink, it may require a santoprene tube to carry hot water up to the faucet up on top. Santoprene tubing is highly durable and resistant to fatigue, ozone, ultraviolet, acids, alkalies, water, and most oils and lubricants.
Features:
Inner Diameter (ID)
Outer Diameter (OD)
Wall Thickness
LBS./C'
3/16 5/16 1/16 2.1 1/4 3/8 1/162.6
5/16 7/16 1/163.1
3/8 1/2 1/16 3.6
Silicone Tubing
Silicone tubing is extremely pliable and elastic, and it is not altered by the effects of weather. It generally exhibits inertness toward UV radiation and ozone, making it an excellent choice for electrical applications. Silicone is a very pliable soft material used frequently in the medical industry because of its resistance to many chemicals.
Silicone tubing has long been used in the medical field because it is clean and nontoxic. Its flexibility allows it to fit in tight spaces. Silicone is also resistant to high temperatures, which has enabled its use in applications where plastic or rubber tubing cannot handle the heat. This tubing is approved by the FDA, making it suitable for food service applications. This plastic tubing also comes as a braided product, which provides additional strength for high-pressure applications.
Uses for silicone tubing:
Silcon® Silicone Tubing
Silcon® silicone is popular for its flexibility and resistance to extreme temperatures. Silcon silicone is also known for its electrical properties and its ability to self-extinguish, making it an excellent choice for appliances and computers. Silicone tubing is often used for high-purity applications in the medical and pharmaceutical industry.
Features:
Good electrical and weather-ability properties
Peroxide-cured silcon contains no sulfur or other acid-producing chemicals, which eliminates the possibility of corrosion, staining, or deterioration. Silcon also resists ozone and ultraviolet light over long periods of time.
Don't implant silcon in continuous steam applications. Silcon may be low-pressure steam sterilized in-line or autoclaved at up to 250º F in a normal autoclave cycle. However, if it's exposed to repeated steam sterilization or long-term high temperature or pressure, silicone will eventually relax and become gummy.
Uses for silcon silicon tubing:
Use caution when selecting fittings and clamps for silicone tubing. Sharp barbed fittings or unlined metal clamps can tear into the tubing wall.
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Medical Grade Silicone Tubing
Silicone medical grade tubing is platinum-cured for ultimate purity. Silcon medical grade tubing elastomer meets USP Class VI requirements. Medical grade silicone is manufactured under strict Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in a controlled environment. Silcon tubing used for medical applications is reusable and withstands repeated sterilization.
Features:
Medical grade silicone tubing's surface properties resist sticking and encrustation and prevents bacteria growth. Silcon tubing is soft and pliable and contains no plasticizers that could leach out and cause water flow contamination or tube hardening. Silcon may be low-pressure steam sterilized in-line or autoclaved at up to 250º F in a normal autoclaving cycle. However, if it's exposed to repeated steam sterilization or long-term high temperature or pressure, silicone will eventually relax and become gummy.
Uses for medical grade tubing:
Silbrade Braid Reinforced Silicone Hose
Silbrade® reinforced silicone tubing is an open mesh polyester braiding incorporated within the walls of silicone tubing. Silbrade enables silicone tubing to handle increased pressure applications and offers exceptional resistance to extreme temperatures. Silbrade also allows excellent bend radii and permits installation in restricted spaces with impeding flow.
Features:
Uses for silbrade® silicone hoses:
PVC Tubing
PVC is a softer type of tubing Also great chemical resistance like silicone. Braided PVC tubing is often used in the food industry to supply water to a beverage dispenser.
Clear PVC Tubing
Clear PVC hoses are abrasion-resistant tube and will not impart taste or odor. Parker Nexbraid series 125 PVC tubing is an excellent choice for pneumatics, flexible conduit, harness, and light vacuum applications. This tubing is made from FDA and NSF listed materials and can be used for beverages and potable water, dry abrasive materials such as grains, granules, pellets and powders, non-fatty and non-oily foods, and sanitary products.
Clear Steel Wire Reinforced PVC Suction Hose
NewAge Industries Vardex® clear steel wire reinforced PVC suction hose is constructed out of non-toxic, corrosion-resistant PVC, specifically suited for transporting chemicals in areas with sharp bends or tight turns. Its bend radius is approximately four times its inner diameter, making it perfect for applications where resistance to crushing and kinking is important. Manufacturers construct this hose with a technique that permits Vardex full vacuum capabilities (29.9 in./Hg.) for all sizes without hose collapse.
Features:
Uses steel wire PVC:
Clear Polyurethane Tubing
Clear polyurethane tubing is made from non-toxic ingredients and conforms to FDA standards for use with wet and fatty foods. It's transparent, flexible, and resistant to weathering, tearing, impact, radiation and abrasion. This ether-based tubing contains no plasticizer that could cause flow contamination or hardening of the tubing.
Features:
Uses for clear polyurethane:
Polypropylene Tubing
1/2" OD polypropylene tubing is ideal for the transfer of hot liquids or gases. It is durable and heat resistant in applications high temperature and pressure are present. This NSF 51 certified tubing is normally recommended for vacuum systems. Polypropylene resists acids and alkalis but has poor resistance to aromatic, aliphatic and chlorinated solvents.
Once you find the right material, determine what size tubing you need. Learn how to buy the right fittings based on pipe dimensions. You also need to determine what fitting matches your pipe thread size.
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If you're a novice plumber who has just completed their first plumbing project, you probably think your job is done. You've installed all the vents, drains, and water lines, and everything looks great! However, the job isn't finished until you perform a pressure test on your piping to ensure there are no leaks.
Pressure tests for PVC piping systems are generally mandatory to pass a plumbing inspection. They're the only way to ensure your pipes won't leak or burst when full of water. Pressure testing requirements vary by a multitude of factors, such as state, county, and city, so it&#;s essential you ensure you&#;re up to code wherever your project is located.
While pressure testing your plumbing system sounds simple, it's a somewhat complicated procedure, especially for newbies. However, regardless of how inconvenient or difficult it is, pressure testing your PVC pipes is essential to have peace of mind and avoid future plumbing problems.
Before going straight to the PVC pipe (see our piping products) pressure test, it's essential to make the necessary preparations. There are also certain precautions you should be aware of depending on the type of pressure test you're using.
&#; If you're performing a pressure test with water, it's important to have somewhere to drain the water when you're finished.
&#; Don't let the PVC pipes you&#;re testing make contact with any solvents, chemicals, or dilutants that could impede the integrity of the test.
&#; If you're performing an air test, you must use the correct gauge and avoid pumping the pipes too full of air.
&#; You should also remove the test plugs with extreme caution when you're finished. The high amount of air pressure could result in damage or injury if you remove the plug too quickly.
&#; If you're performing a water pressure test during winter, you should insulate pipes prone to freezing.
&#; Don't make any repairs to your plumbing system while the test is ongoing and the pipes are full of air or water.
Once you've taken the proper precautions, you're ready to perform your pressure test. Because water pressure tests are becoming the norm, let's look at how to perform a PVC pipe pressure test using water.
The first thing you'll need to do is cap or plug the main drain where it's exiting the house. At this point, the city will not yet have connected to the main drain, and it should be exposed. You have two options for plugging this drain.
1. Use a plumbing plug that inserts into the end of the drain. Turn the knob on top of the plug to widen the flange on the inside and make an airtight seal.
2. You can also use an inflatable plumbing balloon to plug the pipe. To do this, insert the deflated balloon into the end of the pipe. Next, use a hand or electric pump to inflate the balloon inside the pipe to form an airtight seal.
When the main drain is plugged, go back inside the house and plug each of the drain stub-outs. You should have drains stubbed out in the kitchen, laundry room, bathrooms, and anywhere else you have a plumbing drain. You can use the same method as you did with the main drain to plug each stub out, or you can glue a PVC cap on the ends of the drains.
At this point of the plumbing process, your toilet drains should be flush with the floor. Therefore, you can use the methods listed above or install toilet flanges with caps on them.
Once all the stub outs and drains are sealed, you can fill your plumbing system with water. To do this, use a garden hose attached to a nearby spigot. You can use the washing machine drain in the laundry room or a vent as the point of entry for the water. These are typically the highest points in your plumbing system and will allow all your pipes to fill with water.
It's essential to fill the system slowly so that any air inside the pipes has time to escape through the plumbing vents. For this reason, don't plug vents protruding through the roof until they're full of water.
If you notice any leaks while performing the test, drain the system and fix the leak before proceeding.
Depending on your building inspector and inspection code, the plumbing system will need to hold water for anywhere from an hour to a day. At the end of the allotted time, check the highest point of your plumbing system, typically where you added water, and ensure the level hasn't gone down. If it has held steady, you're good to go!
Most of the steps above will be the same if you're performing a PVC air pressure test. The only difference is that you'll pump the system full of air rather than filling it with water. And, rather than checking the water level at the end of the test period, you'll use an air gauge and ensure that the pressure hasn't decreased.
There are two fundamental reasons to perform a pressure test on plumbing systems that use PVC pipe. First, your plumbing system will need to pass a plumbing inspection before construction can proceed, and a pressure test will be part of the inspection.
Second, pressure testing is the only way to ensure your plumbing system won't leak when it's full of water. Otherwise, you'll be left guessing until you get called out to fix your mistake when a furious homeowner calls to inform you about a water leak.
Because it is crucial to have a safe, reliable, leak-free plumbing system, all PVC pipes included in the drain, sewer, or venting systems should get pressure tested. Pressure testing is the only way to guarantee that your plumbing system will hold and not leak when it's full of water.
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